Sources

References

1. 1

   Source 1. Kuroda Y, Kitada M, Wakao S, Nishikawa K, Tanimura Y, Makinoshima H, et al. Unique multipotent cells in adult human mesenchymal cell populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(19):8639-43.

   Laboratory and animal studyEvidence: Animal studies

   PMID 20421459doi:10.1073/pnas.0911647107Read the source (source 1, opens in a new tab)

2. 2

   Source 2. Wakao S, Kitada M, Kuroda Y, Shigemoto T, Matsuse D, Akashi H, et al. Multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells are a primary source of induced pluripotent stem cells in human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(24):9875-80.

   Laboratory studyEvidence: Laboratory

   PMID 21628574doi:10.1073/pnas.1100816108Read the source (source 2, opens in a new tab)

3. 3

   Source 3. Kuroda Y, Wakao S, Kitada M, Murakami T, Nojima M, Dezawa M. Isolation, culture and evaluation of multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells. Nat Protoc. 2013;8(7):1391-415.

   Laboratory studyEvidence: Laboratory

   PMID 23787896doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.076Read the source (source 3, opens in a new tab)

4. 4

   Source 4. Wakao S, Akashi H, Kushida Y, Dezawa M. Muse cells, newly found non-tumorigenic pluripotent stem cells, reside in human mesenchymal tissues. Pathol Int. 2014;64(1):1-9.

   Review

   PMID 24471964doi:10.1111/pin.12129Read the source (source 4, opens in a new tab)

5. 5

   Source 5. Heneidi S, Simerman AA, Keller E, Singh P, Li X, Dumesic DA, et al. Awakened by cellular stress: isolation and characterization of a novel population of pluripotent stem cells derived from human adipose tissue. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e64752.

   Laboratory studyEvidence: Laboratory

   PMID 23755141doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064752Read the source (source 5, opens in a new tab)

6. 6

   Source 6. Gimeno ML, Fuertes F, Barcala Tabarrozzi AE, Attorressi AI, Cucchiani R, Corrales L, et al. Pluripotent nontumorigenic adipose tissue-derived Muse cells have immunomodulatory capacity mediated by transforming growth factor-beta1. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2017;6(1):161-73.

   Laboratory studyEvidence: Laboratory

   PMID 28170177doi:10.5966/sctm.2016-0014Read the source (source 6, opens in a new tab)

7. 7

   Source 7. Leng Z, Sun D, Huang Z, Tadmori I, Chiang N, Kethidi N, et al. Quantitative analysis of SSEA3+ cells from human umbilical cord after magnetic sorting. Cell Transplant. 2019;28(7):907-23.

   Laboratory and animal studyEvidence: Animal studies

   PMID 30997834doi:10.1177/0963689719844260Read the source (source 7, opens in a new tab)

8. 8

   Source 8. Kushida Y, Oguma Y, Abe K, Deguchi T, Barbera FG, Nishimura N, et al. Human post-implantation blastocyst-like characteristics of Muse cells isolated from human umbilical cord. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2024;81(1):297.

   Laboratory studyEvidence: Laboratory

   PMID 38992309doi:10.1007/s00018-024-05339-4Read the source (source 8, opens in a new tab)

9. 9

   Source 9. Ogawa E, Oguma Y, Kushida Y, Wakao S, Okawa K, Dezawa M. Naive pluripotent-like characteristics of non-tumorigenic Muse cells isolated from human amniotic membrane. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):17222.

   Laboratory studyEvidence: Laboratory

   PMID 36241699doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22282-1Read the source (source 9, opens in a new tab)

10. 10

    Source 10. Aprile D, Alessio N, Demirsoy IH, Squillaro T, Peluso G, Di Bernardo G, et al. MUSE stem cells can be isolated from stromal compartment of mouse bone marrow, adipose tissue, and ear connective tissue: a comparative study of their in vitro properties. Cells. 2021;10(4):761.

    Laboratory studyEvidence: Laboratory

    PMID 33808472doi:10.3390/cells10040761Read the source (source 10, opens in a new tab)

11. 11

    Source 11. Sato T, Wakao S, Kushida Y, Tatsumi K, Kitada M, Abe T, et al. A novel type of stem cells double-positive for SSEA-3 and CD45 in human peripheral blood. Cell Transplant. 2020;29:963689720923574.

    Laboratory studyEvidence: Laboratory

    PMID 32525407doi:10.1177/0963689720923574Read the source (source 11, opens in a new tab)

12. 12

    Source 12. Hori E, Hayakawa Y, Hayashi T, Hori S, Okamoto S, Shibata T, et al. Mobilization of pluripotent multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring cells in ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;25(6):1473-81.

    Observational studyPeople after an ischemic stroke (blood Muse cell counts)

    PMID 27019988doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.12.033Read the source (source 12, opens in a new tab)

13. 13

    Source 13. Tanaka T, Nishigaki K, Minatoguchi S, Nawa T, Yamada Y, Kanamori H, et al. Mobilized Muse cells after acute myocardial infarction predict cardiac function and remodeling in the chronic phase. Circ J. 2018;82(2):561-71.

    Observational studyPeople after a heart attack (blood Muse cell counts)

    PMID 28931784doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-17-0552Read the source (source 13, opens in a new tab)

14. 14

    Source 14. Alessio N, Ozcan S, Tatsumi K, Murat A, Peluso G, Dezawa M, et al. The secretome of MUSE cells contains factors that may play a role in regulation of stemness, apoptosis and immunomodulation. Cell Cycle. 2017;16(1):33-44.

    Laboratory studyEvidence: Laboratory

    PMID 27463232doi:10.1080/15384101.2016.1211215Read the source (source 14, opens in a new tab)

15. 15

    Source 15. Alessio N, Squillaro T, Ozcan S, Di Bernardo G, Venditti M, Melone M, et al. Stress and stem cells: adult Muse cells tolerate extensive genotoxic stimuli better than mesenchymal stromal cells. Oncotarget. 2018;9(27):19328-41.

    Laboratory studyEvidence: Laboratory

    PMID 29721206doi:10.18632/oncotarget.25039Read the source (source 15, opens in a new tab)

16. 16

    Source 16. Yamada Y, Wakao S, Kushida Y, Minatoguchi S, Mikami A, Higashi K, et al. S1P-S1PR2 axis mediates homing of Muse cells into damaged heart for long-lasting tissue repair and functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction. Circ Res. 2018;122(8):1069-83.

    Animal studyRabbits with heart attacksEvidence: Animal studies

    PMID 29475983doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311648Read the source (source 16, opens in a new tab)

17. 17

    Source 17. Miura T, Kado J, Takiyama H, Kawano M, Yamagiri A, Nishihara S, et al. Stem cell therapy using bone marrow-derived Muse cells repairs radiation-induced intestinal injury through their intestine-homing via sphingosine monophosphate-sphingosine monophosphate receptor 2 interaction. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2024;9(9):101565.

    Animal studyMice given high-dose radiationEvidence: Animal studies

    PMID 39188997doi:10.1016/j.adro.2024.101565Read the source (source 17, opens in a new tab)

18. 18

    Source 18. Dushime H, Moreno SG, Linard C, Adrait A, Coute Y, Peltzer J, et al. Fetal Muse-based therapy prevents lethal radio-induced gastrointestinal syndrome by intestinal regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14(1):201.

    Animal studyMice given high-dose radiationEvidence: Animal studies

    PMID 37568164doi:10.1186/s13287-023-03425-1Read the source (source 18, opens in a new tab)

20. 20

    Source 20. Wakao S, Oguma Y, Kushida Y, Kuroda Y, Tatsumi K, Dezawa M. Phagocytosing differentiated cell-fragments is a novel mechanism for controlling somatic stem cell differentiation within a short time frame. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2022;79(11):542.

    Laboratory and animal studyEvidence: Animal studies

    PMID 36203068doi:10.1007/s00018-022-04555-0Read the source (source 20, opens in a new tab)

21. 21

    Source 21. Uchida H, Morita T, Niizuma K, Kushida Y, Kuroda Y, Wakao S, et al. Transplantation of unique subpopulation of fibroblasts, Muse cells, ameliorates experimental stroke possibly via robust neuronal differentiation. Stem Cells. 2016;34(1):160-73.

    Animal studyEvidence: Animal studies

    PMID 26388204doi:10.1002/stem.2206Read the source (source 21, opens in a new tab)

22. 22

    Source 22. Abe T, Aburakawa D, Niizuma K, Iwabuchi N, Kajitani T, Wakao S, et al. Intravenously transplanted human multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring cells afford brain repair in a mouse lacunar stroke model. Stroke. 2020;51(2):601-11.

    Animal studyMice with a lacunar strokeEvidence: Animal studies

    PMID 31826733doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.026589Read the source (source 22, opens in a new tab)

23. 23

    Source 23. Yamashita T, Kushida Y, Wakao S, Tadokoro K, Nomura E, Omote Y, et al. Therapeutic benefit of Muse cells in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17102.

    Animal studyMice with an ALS-like diseaseEvidence: Animal studies

    PMID 33051552doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74216-4Read the source (source 23, opens in a new tab)

24. 24

    Source 24. Iseki M, Kushida Y, Wakao S, Akimoto T, Mizuma M, Motoi F, et al. Muse cells, nontumorigenic pluripotent-like stem cells, have liver regeneration capacity through specific homing and cell replacement in a mouse model of liver fibrosis. Cell Transplant. 2017;26(5):821-40.

    Animal studyMice with liver scarring (fibrosis)Evidence: Animal studies

    PMID 27938474doi:10.3727/096368916X693662Read the source (source 24, opens in a new tab)

25. 25

    Source 25. Katagiri H, Kushida Y, Nojima M, Kuroda Y, Wakao S, Ishida K, et al. A distinct subpopulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, Muse cells, directly commit to the replacement of liver components. Am J Transplant. 2016;16(2):468-83.

    Animal studyMice after partial liver removalEvidence: Animal studies

    PMID 26663569doi:10.1111/ajt.13537Read the source (source 25, opens in a new tab)

26. 26

    Source 26. Uchida N, Kushida Y, Kitada M, Wakao S, Kumagai N, Kuroda Y, et al. Beneficial effects of systemically administered human Muse cells in adriamycin nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28(10):2946-60.

    Animal studyMice with kidney disease (adriamycin nephropathy)Evidence: Animal studies

    PMID 28674043doi:10.1681/ASN.2016070775Read the source (source 26, opens in a new tab)

27. 27

    Source 27. Win KHN, Kushida Y, Yamana K, Iwatani S, Yoshida M, Nino N, et al. Human Muse cells isolated from preterm- and term-umbilical cord delivered therapeutic effects in rat bleomycin-induced lung injury model without immunosuppressant. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15(1):147.

    Animal studyRats with lung injury (bleomycin model)Evidence: Animal studies

    PMID 38773627doi:10.1186/s13287-024-03763-8Read the source (source 27, opens in a new tab)

28. 28

    Source 28. Kinoshita K, Kuno S, Ishimine H, Aoi N, Mineda K, Kato H, et al. Therapeutic potential of adipose-derived SSEA-3-positive Muse cells for treating diabetic skin ulcers. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2015;4(2):146-55.

    Animal studyDiabetic mice with skin ulcersEvidence: Animal studies

    PMID 25561682doi:10.5966/sctm.2014-0181Read the source (source 28, opens in a new tab)

29. 29

    Source 29. Tsuchiyama K, Wakao S, Kuroda Y, Ogura F, Nojima M, Sawaya N, et al. Functional melanocytes are readily reprogrammable from multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells, distinct stem cells in human fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(10):2425-35.

    Laboratory studyEvidence: Laboratory

    PMID 23563197doi:10.1038/jid.2013.172Read the source (source 29, opens in a new tab)

30. 30

    Source 30. Yamauchi T, Yamasaki K, Tsuchiyama K, Koike S, Aiba S. The potential of Muse cells for regenerative medicine of skin: procedures to reconstitute skin with Muse cell-derived keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(12):2639-42.

    Laboratory studyEvidence: Laboratory

    PMID 28736234doi:10.1016/j.jid.2017.06.021Read the source (source 30, opens in a new tab)

31. 31

    Source 31. Fujita Y, Komatsu M, Lee SE, Kushida Y, Nakayama-Nishimura C, Matsumura W, et al. Intravenous injection of Muse cells as a potential therapeutic approach for epidermolysis bullosa. J Invest Dermatol. 2021;141(1):198-202.e6.

    Animal studyMice with epidermolysis bullosaEvidence: Animal studies

    PMID 32540249doi:10.1016/j.jid.2020.05.092Read the source (source 31, opens in a new tab)

32. 32

    Source 32. Noda T, Nishigaki K, Minatoguchi S. Safety and efficacy of human Muse cell-based product for acute myocardial infarction in a first-in-human trial. Circ J. 2020;84(7):1189-92.

    Clinical trial3 people after a heart attack received CL2020; no control groupEvidence: Early human trials

    PMID 32522904JapicCTI-183834doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-20-0307Read the source (source 32, opens in a new tab)

    Funded by Life Science Institute, Inc., the developer of CL2020.

33. 33

    Source 33. Fujita Y, Nohara T, Takashima S, Natsuga K, Adachi M, Yoshida K, et al. Intravenous allogeneic multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring cells in adults with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: a phase 1/2 open-label study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35(8):e528-31.

    Clinical trial5 adults with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa received CL2020; no control groupEvidence: Early human trials

    PMID 33656198JapicCTI-184563doi:10.1111/jdv.17201Read the source (source 33, opens in a new tab)

34. 34

    Source 34. Niizuma K, Osawa SI, Endo H, Izumi SI, Ataka K, Hirakawa A, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of CL2020, an allogenic Muse cell-based product, in subacute ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2023;43(12):2029-39.

    Clinical trial25 people received CL2020, 10 placeboEvidence: Controlled human trials

    PMID 37756573JapicCTI-184103doi:10.1177/0271678X231202594Read the source (source 34, opens in a new tab)

35. 35

    Source 35. Yamashita T, Nakano Y, Sasaki R, Tadokoro K, Omote Y, Yunoki T, et al. Safety and clinical effects of a Muse cell-based product in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: results of a phase 2 clinical trial. Cell Transplant. 2023;32:9636897231214370.

    Clinical trial5 people with ALS received CL2020 (six monthly doses); no control groupEvidence: Early human trials

    PMID 38014622jRCT2063200047doi:10.1177/09636897231214370Read the source (source 35, opens in a new tab)

36. 36

    Source 36. Koda M, Imagama S, Nakashima H, Ito S, Segi N, Ouchida J, et al. Safety and feasibility of intravenous administration of a single dose of allogenic-Muse cells to treat human cervical traumatic spinal cord injury: a clinical trial. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15(1):259.

    Clinical trial10 people with cervical spinal cord injury received CL2020; no control groupEvidence: Early human trials

    PMID 39135172jRCT1080224764doi:10.1186/s13287-024-03842-wRead the source (source 36, opens in a new tab)

    A correction was published: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15(1):402. doi:10.1186/s13287-024-04044-0. PMID 39506800.

37. 37

    Source 37. Matsuyama N, Shimizu S, Ueda K, Suzuki T, Suzuki S, Miura R, et al. Safety and tolerability of a multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring cell-based product in neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy with therapeutic hypothermia (SHIELD trial): a clinical trial protocol open-label, non-randomised, dose-escalation trial. BMJ Open. 2022;12(4):e057073.

    Clinical trial protocol

    PMID 35473726NCT04261335jRCT2043190112doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057073Read the source (source 37, opens in a new tab)

    The published plan for the SHIELD trial; its results are source 38.

38. 38

    Source 38. Sato Y, Shimizu S, Ueda K, Suzuki T, Suzuki S, Miura R, et al. Safety and tolerability of a Muse cell-based product in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy with therapeutic hypothermia (SHIELD trial). Stem Cells Transl Med. 2024;13(11):1053-66.

    Clinical trial9 newborns received CL2020 (3 low dose, 6 high dose); no control groupEvidence: Early human trials

    PMID 39401019NCT04261335jRCT2043190112doi:10.1093/stcltm/szae071Read the source (source 38, opens in a new tab)

    Also lists the registry IDs of all the Life Science Institute CL2020 trials.

39. 39

    Source 39. Minatoguchi S, Fujita Y, Niizuma K, Tominaga T, Yamashita T, Abe K, et al. Donor Muse cell treatment without HLA-matching tests and immunosuppressant treatment. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2024;13(6):532-45.

    Review

    PMID 38560897doi:10.1093/stcltm/szae018Read the source (source 39, opens in a new tab)

    A review by the leaders of the CL2020 trials.

40. 40

    Source 40. Kuroda Y, Oguma Y, Hall K, Dezawa M. Endogenous reparative pluripotent Muse cells with a unique immune privilege system: hint at a new strategy for controlling acute and chronic inflammation. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1027961.

    Review

    PMID 36339573doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1027961Read the source (source 40, opens in a new tab)

    Table 3 lists trial phases and registry IDs.

41. 41

    Source 41. Dezawa M. Macrophage- and pluripotent-like reparative Muse cells are unique endogenous stem cells distinct from other somatic stem cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2025;13:1553382.

    Review

    PMID 40213632doi:10.3389/fbioe.2025.1553382Read the source (source 41, opens in a new tab)

42. 42

    Source 42. Ozuru R, Wakao S, Tsuji T, Ohara N, Matsuba T, Amuran MY, et al. Rescue from Stx2-producing E. coli-associated encephalopathy by intravenous injection of Muse cells in NOD-SCID mice. Mol Ther. 2020;28(1):100-18.

    Animal studyMice with brain injury linked to a toxin-producing E. coli (Stx2)Evidence: Animal studies

    PMID 31607541doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.09.023Read the source (source 42, opens in a new tab)

43. 43

    Source 43. Garzon I, Martin-Piedra MA, Martinez-Giron L, Alaminos M, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Isolation and characterization of human multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring cells for use in tissue engineering: a systematic review. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2026;15(7):szag039.

    Systematic review

    PMID 42367073doi:10.1093/stcltm/szag039Read the source (source 43, opens in a new tab)

44. 44

    Source 44. Madrazo-Ibarra A, Seelan A, Carroll KM, Vad VB. Multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells in ischemic heart disease. A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. Regen Med. 2026;21(3-4):281-90.

    Systematic review

    PMID 42026853doi:10.1080/17460751.2026.2663179Read the source (source 44, opens in a new tab)

45. 45

    Source 45. Cancedda R, Mastrogiacomo M. The Phoenix of stem cells: pluripotent cells in adult tissues and peripheral blood. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2024;12:1414156.

    Review

    PMID 39139297doi:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1414156Read the source (source 45, opens in a new tab)

46. 46

    Source 46. Gimeno ML, Chazenbalk G, Riggioni L, Ortega A, Miranda L, Valverde JA, et al. A pilot phase IIa randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of intravenous human pluripotent adipose-derived stem cells (PASCs) in Parkinson's disease: the REPOSE study. Cell Transplant. 2026;35:9636897261492438.

    Clinical trial40 people with Parkinson’s disease, randomized to PASCs or placeboEvidence: Controlled human trials

    PMID 42775498doi:10.1177/09636897261492438Read the source (source 46, opens in a new tab)

    Not a Muse cell trial. It tested pluripotent adipose-derived stem cells (PASCs), which the authors describe as sharing key markers with Muse cells but as a distinct population. Matches registry entry NCT06141317 (source 70) by title, sponsor and size.

47. 47

    Source 47. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 2007;131(5):861-72.

    Laboratory studyEvidence: Laboratory

    PMID 18035408doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019Read the source (source 47, opens in a new tab)

48. 48

    Source 48. Sawamoto N, Doi D, Nakanishi E, Sawamura M, Kikuchi T, Yamakado H, et al. Phase I/II trial of iPS-cell-derived dopaminergic cells for Parkinson's disease. Nature. 2025;641(8064):971-7.

    Clinical trial7 people with Parkinson’s disease received iPS cell-derived cellsEvidence: Early human trials

    PMID 40240591doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08700-0Read the source (source 48, opens in a new tab)

    An iPS cell trial, cited for comparison. Not a Muse cell trial.

49. 49

    Source 49. Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, et al. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999;284(5411):143-7.

    Laboratory studyEvidence: Laboratory

    PMID 10102814doi:10.1126/science.284.5411.143Read the source (source 49, opens in a new tab)

50. 50

    Source 50. Fischer UM, Harting MT, Jimenez F, Monzon-Posadas WO, Xue H, Savitz SI, et al. Pulmonary passage is a major obstacle for intravenous stem cell delivery: the pulmonary first-pass effect. Stem Cells Dev. 2009;18(5):683-92.

    Animal studyEvidence: Animal studies

    PMID 19099374doi:10.1089/scd.2008.0253Read the source (source 50, opens in a new tab)

51. 51

    Source 51. Ankrum JA, Ong JF, Karp JM. Mesenchymal stem cells: immune evasive, not immune privileged. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32(3):252-60.

    Review

    PMID 24561556doi:10.1038/nbt.2816Read the source (source 51, opens in a new tab)

52. 52

    Source 52. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Summary basis for regulatory action: RYONCIL (remestemcel-L-rknd), BLA STN 127506/0, Mesoblast, Inc.. Indication: steroid-refractory acute graft versus host disease in pediatric patients 2 months of age and older. 2024 Dec 18.

    Regulator

    Read the source (source 52, opens in a new tab)

53. 53

    Source 53. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Approved cellular and gene therapy products. [Internet]. Content current as of 2026 Sep 17 [cited 2026 Sep 25].

    Regulator

    Read the source (source 53, opens in a new tab)

54. 54

    Source 54. Mitsubishi Chemical Group Corporation. Discontinuation of the development of a regenerative medicine product (CL2020) using Muse cells. [News release]. 2023 Feb 14.

    Company statement

    Read the source (source 54, opens in a new tab)

55. 55

    Source 55. Mitsubishi Chemical Group Corporation. Development of a regenerative medicine product (CL2020) using Muse cells. [Information]. 2021 Dec 15.

    Company statement

    Read the source (source 55, opens in a new tab)

56. 56

    Source 56. Nikkei Biotechnology. Mitsubishi Chemical discontinues Muse cell development; discoverer Prof. Dezawa of Tohoku University questions trial data. Nikkei Biotechnology. 2023 Feb 14.

    News report

    Read the source (source 56, opens in a new tab)

    Japanese-language article; title translated. Original title: Muse細胞を三菱ケミカルが開発中止、発見者の東北大・出澤教授は治験データに疑義. Full text paywalled; headline and lead only.

58. 58

    Source 58. Nikkan Yakugyo (Jiho). Society to Protect Muse Cells receives document agreeing to license termination. Nikkan Yakugyo. 2023 Apr 21.

    News report

    Read the source (source 58, opens in a new tab)

    Japanese-language article; title translated. Original title: Muse細胞を守る会、ライセンス解約応じる文書受領. Paywalled; headline and lead only.

59. 59

    Source 59. Kahoku Shimpo. Muse cell usage rights returned from Mitsubishi Chemical to discoverer Prof. Mari Dezawa; Tohoku University to lead commercialization. Kahoku Shimpo. 2023 Dec 27.

    News report

    Read the source (source 59, opens in a new tab)

    Japanese-language article; title translated. Original title: ミューズ細胞の使用権 三菱ケミカルから発見者の東北大・出沢真理教授に返還 東北大主体で実用化へ.

60. 60

    Source 60. Nikkei. Mitsubishi Chemical affiliate to start regenerative medicine trial for severe COVID-19 respiratory failure in May. Nikkei. 2021 Apr 20.

    News report

    Read the source (source 60, opens in a new tab)

    Japanese-language article; title translated. Original title: 三菱ケミ系、コロナの重症呼吸不全に再生医療 5月治験.

61. 61

    Source 61. MuseCell Innovations. MuseCell Innovations enters U.S. market, bringing restorative stem cell therapy directly to American patients. [Press release, Business Wire]. Singapore; 2026 Jul 1.

    Company statement

    Company press release, not linked from this site.

62. 62

    Source 62. Celularity Inc., MuseCell Innovations. Celularity and MuseCell Innovations® announce U.S. manufacturing collaboration for the Dezawa MuseCell® platform. [Press release]. 2026 Aug 27.

    Company statement

    Company press release, not linked from this site.

63. 63

    Source 63. MuseCell Innovations. Authentic Muse cells vs MSCs (safety page). [Internet]. [cited 2026 Sep 25].

    Company statement

    Not linked from this site.

65. 65

    Source 65. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04261335: The evaluation of safety and tolerability of CL2020 in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy patients with therapeutic hypothermia in the dose escalation clinical trial. Nagoya University; collaborator Life Science Institute, Inc. [cited 2026 Sep 25].

    Trial registry entry

    NCT04261335Read the source (source 65, opens in a new tab)

66. 66

    Source 66. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT07645989: Registry of outcomes of Dezawa MuseCells®. MuseCell Innovations Pte Ltd. First posted 2026 Jun 12 [cited 2026 Sep 25].

    Trial registry entry

    NCT07645989

    A company-sponsored observational registry, not linked from this site. Registration on ClinicalTrials.gov is not FDA review.

67. 67

    Source 67. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT07511660: Intra ovarian Muse cell injection for perimenopause symptom relief and ovarian function restoration (MUSE-OVARY). Healing Hope International. First posted 2026 Apr 6 [cited 2026 Sep 25].

    Trial registry entry

    NCT07511660Read the source (source 67, opens in a new tab)

    An observational study. Registration on ClinicalTrials.gov is not FDA review.

68. 68

    Source 68. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT07521384: Real world outcomes of intranasal MuSE exosomes and stem cells in neurological regenerative therapy. Healing Hope International. First posted 2026 Apr 9 [cited 2026 Sep 25].

    Trial registry entry

    NCT07521384Read the source (source 68, opens in a new tab)

    An observational study. Registration on ClinicalTrials.gov is not FDA review.

69. 69

    Source 69. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT07326059: Safety and outcomes of MUSE stem cell therapy in individuals with traumatic brain injury. Healing Hope International. First posted 2026 Jan 8 [cited 2026 Sep 25].

    Trial registry entry

    NCT07326059Read the source (source 69, opens in a new tab)

    An observational study. Registration on ClinicalTrials.gov is not FDA review.

70. 70

    Source 70. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT06141317: Randomized clinical trial in Parkinson's disease patients using pluripotent adipose stem cells (PASCs). ClusterXStem-Costa Rica [cited 2026 Sep 25].

    Trial registry entry

    NCT06141317Read the source (source 70, opens in a new tab)

    Matched to the REPOSE trial (source 46) by title, sponsor and size. Not a Muse cell trial.

73. 73

    Source 73. Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA). Review reports: regenerative medical products. [Internet]. [cited 2026 Sep 25].

    Regulator

    Read the source (source 73, opens in a new tab)

    English translations; the list may not be exhaustive.

74. 74

    Source 74. Morizane A, Yamasaki E, Shindo T, Anazawa T, Sawamoto N, Shima A, et al. Control of immune response in an iPSC-based allogeneic cell therapy clinical trial for Parkinson's disease. Cell Stem Cell. 2025;32(9):1346-55.e3.

    Clinical trialEvidence: Early human trials

    PMID 40834856doi:10.1016/j.stem.2025.07.012Read the source (source 74, opens in a new tab)

    An iPS cell trial, cited for comparison. Not a Muse cell trial.